ref: 0c36c79e9b58b5131d4911b05ede987ce0bb8bde
dir: /sys/src/cmd/spin/main.c/
/***** spin: main.c *****/
/* Copyright (c) 1989-2003 by Lucent Technologies, Bell Laboratories. */
/* All Rights Reserved. This software is for educational purposes only. */
/* No guarantee whatsoever is expressed or implied by the distribution of */
/* this code. Permission is given to distribute this code provided that */
/* this introductory message is not removed and no monies are exchanged. */
/* Software written by Gerard J. Holzmann. For tool documentation see: */
/* http://spinroot.com/ */
/* Send all bug-reports and/or questions to: [email protected] */
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "spin.h"
#include "version.h"
#include <signal.h>
/* #include <malloc.h> */
#include <time.h>
#ifdef PC
#include <io.h>
extern int unlink(const char *);
#else
#include <unistd.h>
#endif
#include "y.tab.h"
extern int DstepStart, lineno, tl_terse;
extern FILE *yyin, *yyout, *tl_out;
extern Symbol *context;
extern char *claimproc;
extern void repro_src(void);
extern void qhide(int);
Symbol *Fname, *oFname;
int Etimeouts; /* nr timeouts in program */
int Ntimeouts; /* nr timeouts in never claim */
int analyze, columns, dumptab, has_remote, has_remvar;
int interactive, jumpsteps, m_loss, nr_errs, cutoff;
int s_trail, ntrail, verbose, xspin, notabs, rvopt;
int no_print, no_wrapup, Caccess, limited_vis, like_java;
int separate; /* separate compilation */
int export_ast; /* pangen5.c */
int inlineonly; /* show inlined code */
int seedy; /* be verbose about chosen seed */
int dataflow = 1, merger = 1, deadvar = 1, ccache = 1;
static int preprocessonly, SeedUsed;
#if 0
meaning of flags on verbose:
1 -g global variable values
2 -l local variable values
4 -p all process actions
8 -r receives
16 -s sends
32 -v verbose
64 -w very verbose
#endif
static char Operator[] = "operator: ";
static char Keyword[] = "keyword: ";
static char Function[] = "function-name: ";
static char **add_ltl = (char **)0;
static char **ltl_file = (char **)0;
static char **nvr_file = (char **)0;
static char *PreArg[64];
static int PreCnt = 0;
static char out1[64];
static void explain(int);
#ifndef CPP
/* OS2: "spin -Picc -E/Pd+ -E/Q+" */
/* Visual C++: "spin -PCL -E/E */
#ifdef PC
#define CPP "gcc -E -x c" /* most systems have gcc anyway */
/* else use "cpp" */
#else
#ifdef SOLARIS
#define CPP "/usr/ccs/lib/cpp"
#else
#if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__NetBSD__)
#define CPP "cpp"
#else
#define CPP "/bin/cpp" /* classic Unix systems */
#endif
#endif
#endif
#endif
static char *PreProc = CPP;
extern int depth; /* at least some steps were made */
void
alldone(int estatus)
{
if (preprocessonly == 0
&& strlen(out1) > 0)
(void) unlink((const char *)out1);
if (seedy && !analyze && !export_ast
&& !s_trail && !preprocessonly && depth > 0)
printf("seed used: %d\n", SeedUsed);
if (xspin && (analyze || s_trail))
{ if (estatus)
printf("spin: %d error(s) - aborting\n",
estatus);
else
printf("Exit-Status 0\n");
}
exit(estatus);
}
void
preprocess(char *a, char *b, int a_tmp)
{ char precmd[512], cmd[1024]; int i;
#ifdef PC
extern int try_zpp(char *, char *);
if (PreCnt == 0 && try_zpp(a, b)) goto out;
#endif
strcpy(precmd, PreProc);
for (i = 1; i <= PreCnt; i++)
{ strcat(precmd, " ");
strcat(precmd, PreArg[i]);
}
sprintf(cmd, "%s %s > %s", precmd, a, b);
if (system((const char *)cmd))
{ (void) unlink((const char *) b);
if (a_tmp) (void) unlink((const char *) a);
fprintf(stdout, "spin: preprocessing failed\n"); /* 4.1.2 was stderr */
alldone(1); /* no return, error exit */
}
#ifdef PC
out:
#endif
if (a_tmp) (void) unlink((const char *) a);
}
FILE *
cpyfile(char *src, char *tgt)
{ FILE *inp, *out;
char buf[1024];
inp = fopen(src, "r");
out = fopen(tgt, "w");
if (!inp || !out)
{ printf("spin: cannot cp %s to %s\n", src, tgt);
alldone(1);
}
while (fgets(buf, 1024, inp))
fprintf(out, "%s", buf);
fclose(inp);
return out;
}
void
usage(void)
{
printf("use: spin [-option] ... [-option] file\n");
printf("\tNote: file must always be the last argument\n");
printf("\t-A apply slicing algorithm\n");
printf("\t-a generate a verifier in pan.c\n");
printf("\t-B no final state details in simulations\n");
printf("\t-b don't execute printfs in simulation\n");
printf("\t-C print channel access info (combine with -g etc.)\n");
printf("\t-c columnated -s -r simulation output\n");
printf("\t-d produce symbol-table information\n");
printf("\t-Dyyy pass -Dyyy to the preprocessor\n");
printf("\t-Eyyy pass yyy to the preprocessor\n");
printf("\t-f \"..formula..\" translate LTL ");
printf("into never claim\n");
printf("\t-F file like -f, but with the LTL ");
printf("formula stored in a 1-line file\n");
printf("\t-g print all global variables\n");
printf("\t-h at end of run, print value of seed for random nr generator used\n");
printf("\t-i interactive (random simulation)\n");
printf("\t-I show result of inlining and preprocessing\n");
printf("\t-J reverse eval order of nested unlesses\n");
printf("\t-jN skip the first N steps ");
printf("in simulation trail\n");
printf("\t-l print all local variables\n");
printf("\t-M print msc-flow in Postscript\n");
printf("\t-m lose msgs sent to full queues\n");
printf("\t-N file use never claim stored in file\n");
printf("\t-nN seed for random nr generator\n");
printf("\t-o1 turn off dataflow-optimizations in verifier\n");
printf("\t-o2 don't hide write-only variables in verifier\n");
printf("\t-o3 turn off statement merging in verifier\n");
printf("\t-Pxxx use xxx for preprocessing\n");
printf("\t-p print all statements\n");
printf("\t-qN suppress io for queue N in printouts\n");
printf("\t-r print receive events\n");
printf("\t-S1 and -S2 separate pan source for claim and model\n");
printf("\t-s print send events\n");
printf("\t-T do not indent printf output\n");
printf("\t-t[N] follow [Nth] simulation trail\n");
printf("\t-Uyyy pass -Uyyy to the preprocessor\n");
printf("\t-uN stop a simulation run after N steps\n");
printf("\t-v verbose, more warnings\n");
printf("\t-w very verbose (when combined with -l or -g)\n");
printf("\t-[XYZ] reserved for use by xspin interface\n");
printf("\t-V print version number and exit\n");
alldone(1);
}
void
optimizations(char nr)
{
switch (nr) {
case '1':
dataflow = 1 - dataflow; /* dataflow */
if (verbose&32)
printf("spin: dataflow optimizations turned %s\n",
dataflow?"on":"off");
break;
case '2':
/* dead variable elimination */
deadvar = 1 - deadvar;
if (verbose&32)
printf("spin: dead variable elimination turned %s\n",
deadvar?"on":"off");
break;
case '3':
/* statement merging */
merger = 1 - merger;
if (verbose&32)
printf("spin: statement merging turned %s\n",
merger?"on":"off");
break;
case '4':
/* rv optimization */
rvopt = 1 - rvopt;
if (verbose&32)
printf("spin: rendezvous optimization turned %s\n",
rvopt?"on":"off");
break;
case '5':
/* case caching */
ccache = 1 - ccache;
if (verbose&32)
printf("spin: case caching turned %s\n",
ccache?"on":"off");
break;
default:
printf("spin: bad or missing parameter on -o\n");
usage();
break;
}
}
#if 0
static int
Rename(const char *old, char *new)
{ FILE *fo, *fn;
char buf[1024];
if ((fo = fopen(old, "r")) == NULL)
{ printf("spin: cannot open %s\n", old);
return 1;
}
if ((fn = fopen(new, "w")) == NULL)
{ printf("spin: cannot create %s\n", new);
fclose(fo);
return 2;
}
while (fgets(buf, 1024, fo))
fputs(buf, fn);
fclose(fo);
fclose(fn);
return 0; /* success */
}
#endif
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{ Symbol *s;
int T = (int) time((time_t *)0);
int usedopts = 0;
extern void ana_src(int, int);
yyin = stdin;
yyout = stdout;
tl_out = stdout;
/* unused flags: e, w, x, y, z, A, G, I, L, O, Q, R, S, T, W */
while (argc > 1 && argv[1][0] == '-')
{ switch (argv[1][1]) {
/* generate code for separate compilation: S1 or S2 */
case 'S': separate = atoi(&argv[1][2]);
/* fall through */
case 'a': analyze = 1; break;
case 'A': export_ast = 1; break;
case 'B': no_wrapup = 1; break;
case 'b': no_print = 1; break;
case 'C': Caccess = 1; break;
case 'c': columns = 1; break;
case 'D': PreArg[++PreCnt] = (char *) &argv[1][0];
break; /* define */
case 'd': dumptab = 1; break;
case 'E': PreArg[++PreCnt] = (char *) &argv[1][2];
break;
case 'F': ltl_file = (char **) (argv+2);
argc--; argv++; break;
case 'f': add_ltl = (char **) argv;
argc--; argv++; break;
case 'g': verbose += 1; break;
case 'h': seedy = 1; break;
case 'i': interactive = 1; break;
case 'I': inlineonly = 1; break;
case 'J': like_java = 1; break;
case 'j': jumpsteps = atoi(&argv[1][2]); break;
case 'l': verbose += 2; break;
case 'M': columns = 2; break;
case 'm': m_loss = 1; break;
case 'N': nvr_file = (char **) (argv+2);
argc--; argv++; break;
case 'n': T = atoi(&argv[1][2]); tl_terse = 1; break;
case 'o': optimizations(argv[1][2]);
usedopts = 1; break;
case 'P': PreProc = (char *) &argv[1][2]; break;
case 'p': verbose += 4; break;
case 'q': if (isdigit(argv[1][2]))
qhide(atoi(&argv[1][2]));
break;
case 'r': verbose += 8; break;
case 's': verbose += 16; break;
case 'T': notabs = 1; break;
case 't': s_trail = 1;
if (isdigit(argv[1][2]))
ntrail = atoi(&argv[1][2]);
break;
case 'U': PreArg[++PreCnt] = (char *) &argv[1][0];
break; /* undefine */
case 'u': cutoff = atoi(&argv[1][2]); break; /* new 3.4.14 */
case 'v': verbose += 32; break;
case 'V': printf("%s\n", Version);
alldone(0);
break;
case 'w': verbose += 64; break;
case 'X': xspin = notabs = 1;
#ifndef PC
signal(SIGPIPE, alldone); /* not posix... */
#endif
break;
case 'Y': limited_vis = 1; break; /* used by xspin */
case 'Z': preprocessonly = 1; break; /* used by xspin */
default : usage(); break;
}
argc--; argv++;
}
if (usedopts && !analyze)
printf("spin: warning -o[123] option ignored in simulations\n");
if (ltl_file)
{ char formula[4096];
add_ltl = ltl_file-2; add_ltl[1][1] = 'f';
if (!(tl_out = fopen(*ltl_file, "r")))
{ printf("spin: cannot open %s\n", *ltl_file);
alldone(1);
}
fgets(formula, 4096, tl_out);
fclose(tl_out);
tl_out = stdout;
*ltl_file = (char *) formula;
}
if (argc > 1)
{ char cmd[128], out2[64];
/* must remain in current dir */
strcpy(out1, "pan.pre");
if (add_ltl || nvr_file)
strcpy(out2, "pan.___");
if (add_ltl)
{ tl_out = cpyfile(argv[1], out2);
nr_errs = tl_main(2, add_ltl); /* in tl_main.c */
fclose(tl_out);
preprocess(out2, out1, 1);
} else if (nvr_file)
{ FILE *fd; char buf[1024];
if ((fd = fopen(*nvr_file, "r")) == NULL)
{ printf("spin: cannot open %s\n",
*nvr_file);
alldone(1);
}
tl_out = cpyfile(argv[1], out2);
while (fgets(buf, 1024, fd))
fprintf(tl_out, "%s", buf);
fclose(tl_out);
fclose(fd);
preprocess(out2, out1, 1);
} else
preprocess(argv[1], out1, 0);
if (preprocessonly)
alldone(0);
if (!(yyin = fopen(out1, "r")))
{ printf("spin: cannot open %s\n", out1);
alldone(1);
}
if (strncmp(argv[1], "progress", 8) == 0
|| strncmp(argv[1], "accept", 6) == 0)
sprintf(cmd, "_%s", argv[1]);
else
strcpy(cmd, argv[1]);
oFname = Fname = lookup(cmd);
if (oFname->name[0] == '\"')
{ int i = (int) strlen(oFname->name);
oFname->name[i-1] = '\0';
oFname = lookup(&oFname->name[1]);
}
} else
{ oFname = Fname = lookup("<stdin>");
if (add_ltl)
{ if (argc > 0)
exit(tl_main(2, add_ltl));
printf("spin: missing argument to -f\n");
alldone(1);
}
printf("%s\n", Version);
printf("reading input from stdin:\n");
fflush(stdout);
}
if (columns == 2)
{ extern void putprelude(void);
if (xspin || verbose&(1|4|8|16|32))
{ printf("spin: -c precludes all flags except -t\n");
alldone(1);
}
putprelude();
}
if (columns && !(verbose&8) && !(verbose&16))
verbose += (8+16);
if (columns == 2 && limited_vis)
verbose += (1+4);
Srand(T); /* defined in run.c */
SeedUsed = T;
s = lookup("_"); s->type = PREDEF; /* write-only global var */
s = lookup("_p"); s->type = PREDEF;
s = lookup("_pid"); s->type = PREDEF;
s = lookup("_last"); s->type = PREDEF;
s = lookup("_nr_pr"); s->type = PREDEF; /* new 3.3.10 */
yyparse();
fclose(yyin);
loose_ends();
if (inlineonly)
{ repro_src();
return 0;
}
chanaccess();
if (!Caccess)
{ if (!s_trail && (dataflow || merger))
ana_src(dataflow, merger);
sched();
alldone(nr_errs);
}
return 0;
}
int
yywrap(void) /* dummy routine */
{
return 1;
}
void
non_fatal(char *s1, char *s2)
{ extern char yytext[];
printf("spin: line %3d %s, Error: ",
lineno, Fname?Fname->name:"nofilename");
if (s2)
printf(s1, s2);
else
printf(s1);
if (yytext && strlen(yytext)>1)
printf(" near '%s'", yytext);
printf("\n");
nr_errs++;
}
void
fatal(char *s1, char *s2)
{
non_fatal(s1, s2);
alldone(1);
}
char *
emalloc(int n)
{ char *tmp;
if (n == 0)
return NULL; /* robert shelton 10/20/06 */
if (!(tmp = (char *) malloc(n)))
fatal("not enough memory", (char *)0);
memset(tmp, 0, n);
return tmp;
}
void
trapwonly(Lextok *n, char *unused)
{ extern int realread;
short i = (n->sym)?n->sym->type:0;
if (i != MTYPE
&& i != BIT
&& i != BYTE
&& i != SHORT
&& i != INT
&& i != UNSIGNED)
return;
if (realread)
n->sym->hidden |= 128; /* var is read at least once */
}
void
setaccess(Symbol *sp, Symbol *what, int cnt, int t)
{ Access *a;
for (a = sp->access; a; a = a->lnk)
if (a->who == context
&& a->what == what
&& a->cnt == cnt
&& a->typ == t)
return;
a = (Access *) emalloc(sizeof(Access));
a->who = context;
a->what = what;
a->cnt = cnt;
a->typ = t;
a->lnk = sp->access;
sp->access = a;
}
Lextok *
nn(Lextok *s, int t, Lextok *ll, Lextok *rl)
{ Lextok *n = (Lextok *) emalloc(sizeof(Lextok));
static int warn_nn = 0;
n->ntyp = (short) t;
if (s && s->fn)
{ n->ln = s->ln;
n->fn = s->fn;
} else if (rl && rl->fn)
{ n->ln = rl->ln;
n->fn = rl->fn;
} else if (ll && ll->fn)
{ n->ln = ll->ln;
n->fn = ll->fn;
} else
{ n->ln = lineno;
n->fn = Fname;
}
if (s) n->sym = s->sym;
n->lft = ll;
n->rgt = rl;
n->indstep = DstepStart;
if (t == TIMEOUT) Etimeouts++;
if (!context) return n;
if (t == 'r' || t == 's')
setaccess(n->sym, ZS, 0, t);
if (t == 'R')
setaccess(n->sym, ZS, 0, 'P');
if (context->name == claimproc)
{ int forbidden = separate;
switch (t) {
case ASGN:
printf("spin: Warning, never claim has side-effect\n");
break;
case 'r': case 's':
non_fatal("never claim contains i/o stmnts",(char *)0);
break;
case TIMEOUT:
/* never claim polls timeout */
if (Ntimeouts && Etimeouts)
forbidden = 0;
Ntimeouts++; Etimeouts--;
break;
case LEN: case EMPTY: case FULL:
case 'R': case NFULL: case NEMPTY:
/* status becomes non-exclusive */
if (n->sym && !(n->sym->xu&XX))
{ n->sym->xu |= XX;
if (separate == 2) {
printf("spin: warning, make sure that the S1 model\n");
printf(" also polls channel '%s' in its claim\n",
n->sym->name);
} }
forbidden = 0;
break;
case 'c':
AST_track(n, 0); /* register as a slice criterion */
/* fall thru */
default:
forbidden = 0;
break;
}
if (forbidden)
{ printf("spin: never, saw "); explain(t); printf("\n");
fatal("incompatible with separate compilation",(char *)0);
}
} else if ((t == ENABLED || t == PC_VAL) && !(warn_nn&t))
{ printf("spin: Warning, using %s outside never claim\n",
(t == ENABLED)?"enabled()":"pc_value()");
warn_nn |= t;
} else if (t == NONPROGRESS)
{ fatal("spin: Error, using np_ outside never claim\n", (char *)0);
}
return n;
}
Lextok *
rem_lab(Symbol *a, Lextok *b, Symbol *c) /* proctype name, pid, label name */
{ Lextok *tmp1, *tmp2, *tmp3;
has_remote++;
c->type = LABEL; /* refered to in global context here */
fix_dest(c, a); /* in case target of rem_lab is jump */
tmp1 = nn(ZN, '?', b, ZN); tmp1->sym = a;
tmp1 = nn(ZN, 'p', tmp1, ZN);
tmp1->sym = lookup("_p");
tmp2 = nn(ZN, NAME, ZN, ZN); tmp2->sym = a;
tmp3 = nn(ZN, 'q', tmp2, ZN); tmp3->sym = c;
return nn(ZN, EQ, tmp1, tmp3);
#if 0
.---------------EQ-------.
/ \
'p' -sym-> _p 'q' -sym-> c (label name)
/ /
'?' -sym-> a (proctype) NAME -sym-> a (proctype name)
/
b (pid expr)
#endif
}
Lextok *
rem_var(Symbol *a, Lextok *b, Symbol *c, Lextok *ndx)
{ Lextok *tmp1;
has_remote++;
has_remvar++;
dataflow = 0; /* turn off dead variable resets 4.2.5 */
tmp1 = nn(ZN, '?', b, ZN); tmp1->sym = a;
tmp1 = nn(ZN, 'p', tmp1, ndx);
tmp1->sym = c;
return tmp1;
#if 0
cannot refer to struct elements
only to scalars and arrays
'p' -sym-> c (variable name)
/ \______ possible arrayindex on c
/
'?' -sym-> a (proctype)
/
b (pid expr)
#endif
}
static void
explain(int n)
{ FILE *fd = stdout;
switch (n) {
default: if (n > 0 && n < 256)
fprintf(fd, "'%c' = '", n);
fprintf(fd, "%d'", n);
break;
case '\b': fprintf(fd, "\\b"); break;
case '\t': fprintf(fd, "\\t"); break;
case '\f': fprintf(fd, "\\f"); break;
case '\n': fprintf(fd, "\\n"); break;
case '\r': fprintf(fd, "\\r"); break;
case 'c': fprintf(fd, "condition"); break;
case 's': fprintf(fd, "send"); break;
case 'r': fprintf(fd, "recv"); break;
case 'R': fprintf(fd, "recv poll %s", Operator); break;
case '@': fprintf(fd, "@"); break;
case '?': fprintf(fd, "(x->y:z)"); break;
case ACTIVE: fprintf(fd, "%sactive", Keyword); break;
case AND: fprintf(fd, "%s&&", Operator); break;
case ASGN: fprintf(fd, "%s=", Operator); break;
case ASSERT: fprintf(fd, "%sassert", Function); break;
case ATOMIC: fprintf(fd, "%satomic", Keyword); break;
case BREAK: fprintf(fd, "%sbreak", Keyword); break;
case C_CODE: fprintf(fd, "%sc_code", Keyword); break;
case C_DECL: fprintf(fd, "%sc_decl", Keyword); break;
case C_EXPR: fprintf(fd, "%sc_expr", Keyword); break;
case C_STATE: fprintf(fd, "%sc_state",Keyword); break;
case C_TRACK: fprintf(fd, "%sc_track",Keyword); break;
case CLAIM: fprintf(fd, "%snever", Keyword); break;
case CONST: fprintf(fd, "a constant"); break;
case DECR: fprintf(fd, "%s--", Operator); break;
case D_STEP: fprintf(fd, "%sd_step", Keyword); break;
case D_PROCTYPE: fprintf(fd, "%sd_proctype", Keyword); break;
case DO: fprintf(fd, "%sdo", Keyword); break;
case DOT: fprintf(fd, "."); break;
case ELSE: fprintf(fd, "%selse", Keyword); break;
case EMPTY: fprintf(fd, "%sempty", Function); break;
case ENABLED: fprintf(fd, "%senabled",Function); break;
case EQ: fprintf(fd, "%s==", Operator); break;
case EVAL: fprintf(fd, "%seval", Function); break;
case FI: fprintf(fd, "%sfi", Keyword); break;
case FULL: fprintf(fd, "%sfull", Function); break;
case GE: fprintf(fd, "%s>=", Operator); break;
case GOTO: fprintf(fd, "%sgoto", Keyword); break;
case GT: fprintf(fd, "%s>", Operator); break;
case HIDDEN: fprintf(fd, "%shidden", Keyword); break;
case IF: fprintf(fd, "%sif", Keyword); break;
case INCR: fprintf(fd, "%s++", Operator); break;
case INAME: fprintf(fd, "inline name"); break;
case INLINE: fprintf(fd, "%sinline", Keyword); break;
case INIT: fprintf(fd, "%sinit", Keyword); break;
case ISLOCAL: fprintf(fd, "%slocal", Keyword); break;
case LABEL: fprintf(fd, "a label-name"); break;
case LE: fprintf(fd, "%s<=", Operator); break;
case LEN: fprintf(fd, "%slen", Function); break;
case LSHIFT: fprintf(fd, "%s<<", Operator); break;
case LT: fprintf(fd, "%s<", Operator); break;
case MTYPE: fprintf(fd, "%smtype", Keyword); break;
case NAME: fprintf(fd, "an identifier"); break;
case NE: fprintf(fd, "%s!=", Operator); break;
case NEG: fprintf(fd, "%s! (not)",Operator); break;
case NEMPTY: fprintf(fd, "%snempty", Function); break;
case NFULL: fprintf(fd, "%snfull", Function); break;
case NON_ATOMIC: fprintf(fd, "sub-sequence"); break;
case NONPROGRESS: fprintf(fd, "%snp_", Function); break;
case OD: fprintf(fd, "%sod", Keyword); break;
case OF: fprintf(fd, "%sof", Keyword); break;
case OR: fprintf(fd, "%s||", Operator); break;
case O_SND: fprintf(fd, "%s!!", Operator); break;
case PC_VAL: fprintf(fd, "%spc_value",Function); break;
case PNAME: fprintf(fd, "process name"); break;
case PRINT: fprintf(fd, "%sprintf", Function); break;
case PRINTM: fprintf(fd, "%sprintm", Function); break;
case PRIORITY: fprintf(fd, "%spriority", Keyword); break;
case PROCTYPE: fprintf(fd, "%sproctype",Keyword); break;
case PROVIDED: fprintf(fd, "%sprovided",Keyword); break;
case RCV: fprintf(fd, "%s?", Operator); break;
case R_RCV: fprintf(fd, "%s??", Operator); break;
case RSHIFT: fprintf(fd, "%s>>", Operator); break;
case RUN: fprintf(fd, "%srun", Operator); break;
case SEP: fprintf(fd, "token: ::"); break;
case SEMI: fprintf(fd, ";"); break;
case SHOW: fprintf(fd, "%sshow", Keyword); break;
case SND: fprintf(fd, "%s!", Operator); break;
case STRING: fprintf(fd, "a string"); break;
case TRACE: fprintf(fd, "%strace", Keyword); break;
case TIMEOUT: fprintf(fd, "%stimeout",Keyword); break;
case TYPE: fprintf(fd, "data typename"); break;
case TYPEDEF: fprintf(fd, "%stypedef",Keyword); break;
case XU: fprintf(fd, "%sx[rs]", Keyword); break;
case UMIN: fprintf(fd, "%s- (unary minus)", Operator); break;
case UNAME: fprintf(fd, "a typename"); break;
case UNLESS: fprintf(fd, "%sunless", Keyword); break;
}
}