ref: 9ec1a07af2537e5485524c8d079a07abfee6f96d
dir: /sys/src/cmd/python/Doc/lib/libturtle.tex/
\section{\module{turtle} ---
Turtle graphics for Tk}
\declaremodule{standard}{turtle}
\platform{Tk}
\moduleauthor{Guido van Rossum}{[email protected]}
\modulesynopsis{An environment for turtle graphics.}
\sectionauthor{Moshe Zadka}{[email protected]}
The \module{turtle} module provides turtle graphics primitives, in both an
object-oriented and procedure-oriented ways. Because it uses \module{Tkinter}
for the underlying graphics, it needs a version of python installed with
Tk support.
The procedural interface uses a pen and a canvas which are automagically
created when any of the functions are called.
The \module{turtle} module defines the following functions:
\begin{funcdesc}{degrees}{}
Set angle measurement units to degrees.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{radians}{}
Set angle measurement units to radians.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{setup}{**kwargs}
Sets the size and position of the main window. Keywords are:
\begin{itemize}
\item \code{width}: either a size in pixels or a fraction of the screen.
The default is 50\% of the screen.
\item \code{height}: either a size in pixels or a fraction of the screen.
The default is 50\% of the screen.
\item \code{startx}: starting position in pixels from the left edge
of the screen. \code{None} is the default value and
centers the window horizontally on screen.
\item \code{starty}: starting position in pixels from the top edge
of the screen. \code{None} is the default value and
centers the window vertically on screen.
\end{itemize}
Examples:
\begin{verbatim}
# Uses default geometry: 50% x 50% of screen, centered.
setup()
# Sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen
setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0)
# Sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen, and centers it.
setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None)
\end{verbatim}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{title}{title_str}
Set the window's title to \var{title}.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{done}{}
Enters the Tk main loop. The window will continue to
be displayed until the user closes it or the process is killed.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{reset}{}
Clear the screen, re-center the pen, and set variables to the default
values.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{clear}{}
Clear the screen.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{tracer}{flag}
Set tracing on/off (according to whether flag is true or not). Tracing
means line are drawn more slowly, with an animation of an arrow along the
line.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{speed}{speed}
Set the speed of the turtle. Valid values for the parameter
\var{speed} are \code{'fastest'} (no delay), \code{'fast'},
(delay 5ms), \code{'normal'} (delay 10ms), \code{'slow'}
(delay 15ms), and \code{'slowest'} (delay 20ms).
\versionadded{2.5}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{delay}{delay}
Set the speed of the turtle to \var{delay}, which is given
in ms. \versionadded{2.5}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{forward}{distance}
Go forward \var{distance} steps.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{backward}{distance}
Go backward \var{distance} steps.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{left}{angle}
Turn left \var{angle} units. Units are by default degrees, but can be
set via the \function{degrees()} and \function{radians()} functions.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{right}{angle}
Turn right \var{angle} units. Units are by default degrees, but can be
set via the \function{degrees()} and \function{radians()} functions.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{up}{}
Move the pen up --- stop drawing.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{down}{}
Move the pen down --- draw when moving.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{width}{width}
Set the line width to \var{width}.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{color}{s}
\funclineni{color}{(r, g, b)}
\funclineni{color}{r, g, b}
Set the pen color. In the first form, the color is specified as a
Tk color specification as a string. The second form specifies the
color as a tuple of the RGB values, each in the range [0..1]. For the
third form, the color is specified giving the RGB values as three
separate parameters (each in the range [0..1]).
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{write}{text\optional{, move}}
Write \var{text} at the current pen position. If \var{move} is true,
the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner of the text. By default,
\var{move} is false.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{fill}{flag}
The complete specifications are rather complex, but the recommended
usage is: call \code{fill(1)} before drawing a path you want to fill,
and call \code{fill(0)} when you finish to draw the path.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{begin\_fill}{}
Switch turtle into filling mode;
Must eventually be followed by a corresponding end_fill() call.
Otherwise it will be ignored.
\versionadded{2.5}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{end\_fill}{}
End filling mode, and fill the shape; equivalent to \code{fill(0)}.
\versionadded{2.5}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{circle}{radius\optional{, extent}}
Draw a circle with radius \var{radius} whose center-point is
\var{radius} units left of the turtle.
\var{extent} determines which part of a circle is drawn: if
not given it defaults to a full circle.
If \var{extent} is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the
current pen position. The arc is drawn in a counter clockwise
direction if \var{radius} is positive, otherwise in a clockwise
direction. In the process, the direction of the turtle is changed
by the amount of the \var{extent}.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{goto}{x, y}
\funclineni{goto}{(x, y)}
Go to co-ordinates \var{x}, \var{y}. The co-ordinates may be
specified either as two separate arguments or as a 2-tuple.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{towards}{x, y}
Return the angle of the line from the turtle's position
to the point \var{x}, \var{y}. The co-ordinates may be
specified either as two separate arguments, as a 2-tuple,
or as another pen object.
\versionadded{2.5}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{heading}{}
Return the current orientation of the turtle.
\versionadded{2.3}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{setheading}{angle}
Set the orientation of the turtle to \var{angle}.
\versionadded{2.3}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{position}{}
Return the current location of the turtle as an \code{(x,y)} pair.
\versionadded{2.3}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{setx}{x}
Set the x coordinate of the turtle to \var{x}.
\versionadded{2.3}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{sety}{y}
Set the y coordinate of the turtle to \var{y}.
\versionadded{2.3}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{window\_width}{}
Return the width of the canvas window.
\versionadded{2.3}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{window\_height}{}
Return the height of the canvas window.
\versionadded{2.3}
\end{funcdesc}
This module also does \code{from math import *}, so see the
documentation for the \refmodule{math} module for additional constants
and functions useful for turtle graphics.
\begin{funcdesc}{demo}{}
Exercise the module a bit.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{excdesc}{Error}
Exception raised on any error caught by this module.
\end{excdesc}
For examples, see the code of the \function{demo()} function.
This module defines the following classes:
\begin{classdesc}{Pen}{}
Define a pen. All above functions can be called as a methods on the given
pen. The constructor automatically creates a canvas do be drawn on.
\end{classdesc}
\begin{classdesc}{Turtle}{}
Define a pen. This is essentially a synonym for \code{Pen()};
\class{Turtle} is an empty subclass of \class{Pen}.
\end{classdesc}
\begin{classdesc}{RawPen}{canvas}
Define a pen which draws on a canvas \var{canvas}. This is useful if
you want to use the module to create graphics in a ``real'' program.
\end{classdesc}
\subsection{Turtle, Pen and RawPen Objects \label{pen-rawpen-objects}}
Most of the global functions available in the module are also
available as methods of the \class{Turtle}, \class{Pen} and
\class{RawPen} classes, affecting only the state of the given pen.
The only method which is more powerful as a method is
\function{degrees()}, which takes an optional argument letting
you specify the number of units corresponding to a full circle:
\begin{methoddesc}{degrees}{\optional{fullcircle}}
\var{fullcircle} is by default 360. This can cause the pen to have any
angular units whatever: give \var{fullcircle} 2*$\pi$ for radians, or
400 for gradians.
\end{methoddesc}