ref: 1d66ec91dac54dac4809f9c56e0b6572c2675dc7
dir: /test/pp_filter_test.cc/
/* * Copyright (c) 2012 The WebM project authors. All Rights Reserved. * * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license * that can be found in the LICENSE file in the root of the source * tree. An additional intellectual property rights grant can be found * in the file PATENTS. All contributing project authors may * be found in the AUTHORS file in the root of the source tree. */ #include <limits.h> #include "./vpx_config.h" #include "./vpx_dsp_rtcd.h" #include "test/acm_random.h" #include "test/bench.h" #include "test/buffer.h" #include "test/clear_system_state.h" #include "test/register_state_check.h" #include "third_party/googletest/src/include/gtest/gtest.h" #include "vpx/vpx_integer.h" #include "vpx_mem/vpx_mem.h" using libvpx_test::ACMRandom; using libvpx_test::Buffer; typedef void (*VpxPostProcDownAndAcrossMbRowFunc)( unsigned char *src_ptr, unsigned char *dst_ptr, int src_pixels_per_line, int dst_pixels_per_line, int cols, unsigned char *flimit, int size); typedef void (*VpxMbPostProcAcrossIpFunc)(unsigned char *src, int pitch, int rows, int cols, int flimit); typedef void (*VpxMbPostProcDownFunc)(unsigned char *dst, int pitch, int rows, int cols, int flimit); namespace { // Compute the filter level used in post proc from the loop filter strength int q2mbl(int x) { if (x < 20) x = 20; x = 50 + (x - 50) * 10 / 8; return x * x / 3; } class VpxPostProcDownAndAcrossMbRowTest : public AbstractBench, public ::testing::TestWithParam<VpxPostProcDownAndAcrossMbRowFunc> { public: VpxPostProcDownAndAcrossMbRowTest() : mb_post_proc_down_and_across_(GetParam()) {} virtual void TearDown() { libvpx_test::ClearSystemState(); } protected: virtual void Run(); const VpxPostProcDownAndAcrossMbRowFunc mb_post_proc_down_and_across_; // Size of the underlying data block that will be filtered. int block_width_; int block_height_; Buffer<uint8_t> *src_image_; Buffer<uint8_t> *dst_image_; uint8_t *flimits_; }; void VpxPostProcDownAndAcrossMbRowTest::Run() { mb_post_proc_down_and_across_( src_image_->TopLeftPixel(), dst_image_->TopLeftPixel(), src_image_->stride(), dst_image_->stride(), block_width_, flimits_, 16); } // Test routine for the VPx post-processing function // vpx_post_proc_down_and_across_mb_row_c. TEST_P(VpxPostProcDownAndAcrossMbRowTest, CheckFilterOutput) { // Size of the underlying data block that will be filtered. block_width_ = 16; block_height_ = 16; // 5-tap filter needs 2 padding rows above and below the block in the input. Buffer<uint8_t> src_image = Buffer<uint8_t>(block_width_, block_height_, 2); ASSERT_TRUE(src_image.Init()); // Filter extends output block by 8 samples at left and right edges. // Though the left padding is only 8 bytes, the assembly code tries to // read 16 bytes before the pointer. Buffer<uint8_t> dst_image = Buffer<uint8_t>(block_width_, block_height_, 8, 16, 8, 8); ASSERT_TRUE(dst_image.Init()); flimits_ = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(vpx_memalign(16, block_width_)); (void)memset(flimits_, 255, block_width_); // Initialize pixels in the input: // block pixels to value 1, // border pixels to value 10. src_image.SetPadding(10); src_image.Set(1); // Initialize pixels in the output to 99. dst_image.Set(99); ASM_REGISTER_STATE_CHECK(mb_post_proc_down_and_across_( src_image.TopLeftPixel(), dst_image.TopLeftPixel(), src_image.stride(), dst_image.stride(), block_width_, flimits_, 16)); static const uint8_t kExpectedOutput[] = { 4, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 4 }; uint8_t *pixel_ptr = dst_image.TopLeftPixel(); for (int i = 0; i < block_height_; ++i) { for (int j = 0; j < block_width_; ++j) { ASSERT_EQ(kExpectedOutput[i], pixel_ptr[j]) << "at (" << i << ", " << j << ")"; } pixel_ptr += dst_image.stride(); } vpx_free(flimits_); }; TEST_P(VpxPostProcDownAndAcrossMbRowTest, CheckCvsAssembly) { // Size of the underlying data block that will be filtered. // Y blocks are always a multiple of 16 wide and exactly 16 high. U and V // blocks are always a multiple of 8 wide and exactly 8 high. block_width_ = 136; block_height_ = 16; // 5-tap filter needs 2 padding rows above and below the block in the input. // SSE2 reads in blocks of 16. Pad an extra 8 in case the width is not %16. Buffer<uint8_t> src_image = Buffer<uint8_t>(block_width_, block_height_, 2, 2, 10, 2); ASSERT_TRUE(src_image.Init()); // Filter extends output block by 8 samples at left and right edges. // Though the left padding is only 8 bytes, there is 'above' padding as well // so when the assembly code tries to read 16 bytes before the pointer it is // not a problem. // SSE2 reads in blocks of 16. Pad an extra 8 in case the width is not %16. Buffer<uint8_t> dst_image = Buffer<uint8_t>(block_width_, block_height_, 8, 8, 16, 8); ASSERT_TRUE(dst_image.Init()); Buffer<uint8_t> dst_image_ref = Buffer<uint8_t>(block_width_, block_height_, 8); ASSERT_TRUE(dst_image_ref.Init()); // Filter values are set in blocks of 16 for Y and 8 for U/V. Each macroblock // can have a different filter. SSE2 assembly reads flimits in blocks of 16 so // it must be padded out. const int flimits_width = block_width_ % 16 ? block_width_ + 8 : block_width_; flimits_ = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(vpx_memalign(16, flimits_width)); ACMRandom rnd; rnd.Reset(ACMRandom::DeterministicSeed()); // Initialize pixels in the input: // block pixels to random values. // border pixels to value 10. src_image.SetPadding(10); src_image.Set(&rnd, &ACMRandom::Rand8); for (int blocks = 0; blocks < block_width_; blocks += 8) { (void)memset(flimits_, 0, sizeof(*flimits_) * flimits_width); for (int f = 0; f < 255; f++) { (void)memset(flimits_ + blocks, f, sizeof(*flimits_) * 8); dst_image.Set(0); dst_image_ref.Set(0); vpx_post_proc_down_and_across_mb_row_c( src_image.TopLeftPixel(), dst_image_ref.TopLeftPixel(), src_image.stride(), dst_image_ref.stride(), block_width_, flimits_, block_height_); ASM_REGISTER_STATE_CHECK(mb_post_proc_down_and_across_( src_image.TopLeftPixel(), dst_image.TopLeftPixel(), src_image.stride(), dst_image.stride(), block_width_, flimits_, block_height_)); ASSERT_TRUE(dst_image.CheckValues(dst_image_ref)); } } vpx_free(flimits_); } TEST_P(VpxPostProcDownAndAcrossMbRowTest, DISABLED_Speed) { // Size of the underlying data block that will be filtered. block_width_ = 16; block_height_ = 16; // 5-tap filter needs 2 padding rows above and below the block in the input. Buffer<uint8_t> src_image = Buffer<uint8_t>(block_width_, block_height_, 2); ASSERT_TRUE(src_image.Init()); this->src_image_ = &src_image; // Filter extends output block by 8 samples at left and right edges. // Though the left padding is only 8 bytes, the assembly code tries to // read 16 bytes before the pointer. Buffer<uint8_t> dst_image = Buffer<uint8_t>(block_width_, block_height_, 8, 16, 8, 8); ASSERT_TRUE(dst_image.Init()); this->dst_image_ = &dst_image; flimits_ = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(vpx_memalign(16, block_width_)); (void)memset(flimits_, 255, block_width_); // Initialize pixels in the input: // block pixels to value 1, // border pixels to value 10. src_image.SetPadding(10); src_image.Set(1); // Initialize pixels in the output to 99. dst_image.Set(99); RunNTimes(INT16_MAX); PrintMedian("16x16"); vpx_free(flimits_); }; class VpxMbPostProcAcrossIpTest : public AbstractBench, public ::testing::TestWithParam<VpxMbPostProcAcrossIpFunc> { public: VpxMbPostProcAcrossIpTest() : rows_(16), cols_(16), mb_post_proc_across_ip_(GetParam()), src_(Buffer<uint8_t>(rows_, cols_, 8, 8, 17, 8)) {} virtual void TearDown() { libvpx_test::ClearSystemState(); } protected: virtual void Run(); void SetCols(unsigned char *s, int rows, int cols, int src_width) { for (int r = 0; r < rows; r++) { for (int c = 0; c < cols; c++) { s[c] = c; } s += src_width; } } void RunComparison(const unsigned char *expected_output, unsigned char *src_c, int rows, int cols, int src_pitch) { for (int r = 0; r < rows; r++) { for (int c = 0; c < cols; c++) { ASSERT_EQ(expected_output[c], src_c[c]) << "at (" << r << ", " << c << ")"; } src_c += src_pitch; } } void RunFilterLevel(unsigned char *s, int rows, int cols, int src_width, int filter_level, const unsigned char *expected_output) { ASM_REGISTER_STATE_CHECK( GetParam()(s, src_width, rows, cols, filter_level)); RunComparison(expected_output, s, rows, cols, src_width); } const int rows_; const int cols_; const VpxMbPostProcAcrossIpFunc mb_post_proc_across_ip_; Buffer<uint8_t> src_; }; void VpxMbPostProcAcrossIpTest::Run() { mb_post_proc_across_ip_(src_.TopLeftPixel(), src_.stride(), rows_, cols_, q2mbl(0)); } TEST_P(VpxMbPostProcAcrossIpTest, CheckLowFilterOutput) { ASSERT_TRUE(src_.Init()); src_.SetPadding(10); SetCols(src_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_.stride()); Buffer<uint8_t> expected_output = Buffer<uint8_t>(cols_, rows_, 0); ASSERT_TRUE(expected_output.Init()); SetCols(expected_output.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, expected_output.stride()); RunFilterLevel(src_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_.stride(), q2mbl(0), expected_output.TopLeftPixel()); } TEST_P(VpxMbPostProcAcrossIpTest, CheckMediumFilterOutput) { ASSERT_TRUE(src_.Init()); src_.SetPadding(10); SetCols(src_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_.stride()); static const unsigned char kExpectedOutput[] = { 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 13 }; RunFilterLevel(src_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_.stride(), q2mbl(70), kExpectedOutput); } TEST_P(VpxMbPostProcAcrossIpTest, CheckHighFilterOutput) { ASSERT_TRUE(src_.Init()); src_.SetPadding(10); SetCols(src_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_.stride()); static const unsigned char kExpectedOutput[] = { 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 11, 12, 13, 13 }; RunFilterLevel(src_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_.stride(), INT_MAX, kExpectedOutput); SetCols(src_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_.stride()); RunFilterLevel(src_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_.stride(), q2mbl(100), kExpectedOutput); } TEST_P(VpxMbPostProcAcrossIpTest, CheckCvsAssembly) { Buffer<uint8_t> c_mem = Buffer<uint8_t>(cols_, rows_, 8, 8, 17, 8); ASSERT_TRUE(c_mem.Init()); Buffer<uint8_t> asm_mem = Buffer<uint8_t>(cols_, rows_, 8, 8, 17, 8); ASSERT_TRUE(asm_mem.Init()); // When level >= 100, the filter behaves the same as the level = INT_MAX // When level < 20, it behaves the same as the level = 0 for (int level = 0; level < 100; level++) { c_mem.SetPadding(10); asm_mem.SetPadding(10); SetCols(c_mem.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, c_mem.stride()); SetCols(asm_mem.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, asm_mem.stride()); vpx_mbpost_proc_across_ip_c(c_mem.TopLeftPixel(), c_mem.stride(), rows_, cols_, q2mbl(level)); ASM_REGISTER_STATE_CHECK(GetParam()( asm_mem.TopLeftPixel(), asm_mem.stride(), rows_, cols_, q2mbl(level))); ASSERT_TRUE(asm_mem.CheckValues(c_mem)); } } TEST_P(VpxMbPostProcAcrossIpTest, DISABLED_Speed) { ASSERT_TRUE(src_.Init()); src_.SetPadding(10); SetCols(src_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_.stride()); RunNTimes(100000); PrintMedian("16x16"); } class VpxMbPostProcDownTest : public AbstractBench, public ::testing::TestWithParam<VpxMbPostProcDownFunc> { public: VpxMbPostProcDownTest() : rows_(16), cols_(16), mb_post_proc_down_(GetParam()), src_c_(Buffer<uint8_t>(rows_, cols_, 8, 8, 8, 17)) {} virtual void TearDown() { libvpx_test::ClearSystemState(); } protected: virtual void Run(); void SetRows(unsigned char *src_c, int rows, int cols, int src_width) { for (int r = 0; r < rows; r++) { memset(src_c, r, cols); src_c += src_width; } } void RunComparison(const unsigned char *expected_output, unsigned char *src_c, int rows, int cols, int src_pitch) { for (int r = 0; r < rows; r++) { for (int c = 0; c < cols; c++) { ASSERT_EQ(expected_output[r * rows + c], src_c[c]) << "at (" << r << ", " << c << ")"; } src_c += src_pitch; } } void RunFilterLevel(unsigned char *s, int rows, int cols, int src_width, int filter_level, const unsigned char *expected_output) { ASM_REGISTER_STATE_CHECK( mb_post_proc_down_(s, src_width, rows, cols, filter_level)); RunComparison(expected_output, s, rows, cols, src_width); } const int rows_; const int cols_; const VpxMbPostProcDownFunc mb_post_proc_down_; Buffer<uint8_t> src_c_; }; void VpxMbPostProcDownTest::Run() { mb_post_proc_down_(src_c_.TopLeftPixel(), src_c_.stride(), rows_, cols_, q2mbl(0)); } TEST_P(VpxMbPostProcDownTest, CheckHighFilterOutput) { ASSERT_TRUE(src_c_.Init()); src_c_.SetPadding(10); SetRows(src_c_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_c_.stride()); static const unsigned char kExpectedOutput[] = { 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 8, 9, 9, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 8, 9, 9, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 9, 10, 10, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 11, 10, 10, 10, 11, 10, 11, 10, 11, 10, 10, 10, 11, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 12, 13, 12, 13, 12, 12, 12, 13, 12, 13, 12, 13, 12, 13, 13, 13, 14, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 13, 13, 13, 13 }; RunFilterLevel(src_c_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_c_.stride(), INT_MAX, kExpectedOutput); src_c_.SetPadding(10); SetRows(src_c_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_c_.stride()); RunFilterLevel(src_c_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_c_.stride(), q2mbl(100), kExpectedOutput); } TEST_P(VpxMbPostProcDownTest, CheckMediumFilterOutput) { ASSERT_TRUE(src_c_.Init()); src_c_.SetPadding(10); SetRows(src_c_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_c_.stride()); static const unsigned char kExpectedOutput[] = { 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 12, 12, 13, 12, 13, 12, 13, 12, 12, 12, 13, 12, 13, 12, 13, 12, 13, 13, 13, 14, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 13, 13, 13, 13 }; RunFilterLevel(src_c_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_c_.stride(), q2mbl(70), kExpectedOutput); } TEST_P(VpxMbPostProcDownTest, CheckLowFilterOutput) { ASSERT_TRUE(src_c_.Init()); src_c_.SetPadding(10); SetRows(src_c_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_c_.stride()); unsigned char *expected_output = new unsigned char[rows_ * cols_]; ASSERT_TRUE(expected_output != NULL); SetRows(expected_output, rows_, cols_, cols_); RunFilterLevel(src_c_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_c_.stride(), q2mbl(0), expected_output); delete[] expected_output; } TEST_P(VpxMbPostProcDownTest, CheckCvsAssembly) { ACMRandom rnd; rnd.Reset(ACMRandom::DeterministicSeed()); ASSERT_TRUE(src_c_.Init()); Buffer<uint8_t> src_asm = Buffer<uint8_t>(cols_, rows_, 8, 8, 8, 17); ASSERT_TRUE(src_asm.Init()); for (int level = 0; level < 100; level++) { src_c_.SetPadding(10); src_asm.SetPadding(10); src_c_.Set(&rnd, &ACMRandom::Rand8); src_asm.CopyFrom(src_c_); vpx_mbpost_proc_down_c(src_c_.TopLeftPixel(), src_c_.stride(), rows_, cols_, q2mbl(level)); ASM_REGISTER_STATE_CHECK(mb_post_proc_down_( src_asm.TopLeftPixel(), src_asm.stride(), rows_, cols_, q2mbl(level))); ASSERT_TRUE(src_asm.CheckValues(src_c_)); src_c_.SetPadding(10); src_asm.SetPadding(10); src_c_.Set(&rnd, &ACMRandom::Rand8Extremes); src_asm.CopyFrom(src_c_); vpx_mbpost_proc_down_c(src_c_.TopLeftPixel(), src_c_.stride(), rows_, cols_, q2mbl(level)); ASM_REGISTER_STATE_CHECK(mb_post_proc_down_( src_asm.TopLeftPixel(), src_asm.stride(), rows_, cols_, q2mbl(level))); ASSERT_TRUE(src_asm.CheckValues(src_c_)); } } TEST_P(VpxMbPostProcDownTest, DISABLED_Speed) { ASSERT_TRUE(src_c_.Init()); src_c_.SetPadding(10); SetRows(src_c_.TopLeftPixel(), rows_, cols_, src_c_.stride()); RunNTimes(100000); PrintMedian("16x16"); } INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P( C, VpxPostProcDownAndAcrossMbRowTest, ::testing::Values(vpx_post_proc_down_and_across_mb_row_c)); INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(C, VpxMbPostProcAcrossIpTest, ::testing::Values(vpx_mbpost_proc_across_ip_c)); INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(C, VpxMbPostProcDownTest, ::testing::Values(vpx_mbpost_proc_down_c)); #if HAVE_SSE2 INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P( SSE2, VpxPostProcDownAndAcrossMbRowTest, ::testing::Values(vpx_post_proc_down_and_across_mb_row_sse2)); INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(SSE2, VpxMbPostProcAcrossIpTest, ::testing::Values(vpx_mbpost_proc_across_ip_sse2)); INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(SSE2, VpxMbPostProcDownTest, ::testing::Values(vpx_mbpost_proc_down_sse2)); #endif // HAVE_SSE2 #if HAVE_NEON INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P( NEON, VpxPostProcDownAndAcrossMbRowTest, ::testing::Values(vpx_post_proc_down_and_across_mb_row_neon)); INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(NEON, VpxMbPostProcAcrossIpTest, ::testing::Values(vpx_mbpost_proc_across_ip_neon)); INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(NEON, VpxMbPostProcDownTest, ::testing::Values(vpx_mbpost_proc_down_neon)); #endif // HAVE_NEON #if HAVE_MSA INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P( MSA, VpxPostProcDownAndAcrossMbRowTest, ::testing::Values(vpx_post_proc_down_and_across_mb_row_msa)); INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(MSA, VpxMbPostProcAcrossIpTest, ::testing::Values(vpx_mbpost_proc_across_ip_msa)); INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(MSA, VpxMbPostProcDownTest, ::testing::Values(vpx_mbpost_proc_down_msa)); #endif // HAVE_MSA #if HAVE_VSX INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P( VSX, VpxPostProcDownAndAcrossMbRowTest, ::testing::Values(vpx_post_proc_down_and_across_mb_row_vsx)); INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(VSX, VpxMbPostProcAcrossIpTest, ::testing::Values(vpx_mbpost_proc_across_ip_vsx)); INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(VSX, VpxMbPostProcDownTest, ::testing::Values(vpx_mbpost_proc_down_vsx)); #endif // HAVE_VSX } // namespace